A Case-Based Model for Training Managers and Commanders

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Corresponding Author: PhD Student in System Management, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD student in System Management, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran

3 PhD student in Human Resource Management, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

In this research, the training of managers and commanders based on case study of one of the management laboratories of Hussein University (AS) has been studied.The main reasons for dealing with this method are such as participatory learning, seeing theory in practice, connecting learners with the complexities of the real world, being in a decision-making situation.Evaluating the impact of individuals' decisions has been the dialogue-oriented nature of education and educational flexibility. The data theory theory approach was used to achieve the desired model. In order to collect data, 5 people were identified as the primary experts of the research based on the snowball sampling method, and finally, a total of 13 people were conducted in-depth interviews without structure.In the end, after three stages of open, axial and selective coding, the final indigenous model of case-based training was obtained. As a result, the components of "setting educational goals", "determining and justifying the instructor", "determining the case", "developing the education scenario", "preparing the student and the environment", "selecting the student", "evaluating the process and results of education", "developing operational plans" "Final" and "Feedback Report" have been compiled and organized in the form of "causal conditions", "context", "central category", "intervening conditions", "strategies" and "consequences".

Keywords


Smiley face

منابع
فارسی
اسدی فر، رؤیا و خائف الهی، احمدعلی و رضاییان، علی (1390)، مدل شایستگی مدیران دولتی ایران (بر اساس صحیفه امام خمینی(ره)) رویکرد استراتژی تئوری داده بنیاد، مدیریت دولتی، سال سوم، شماره 8: 9.
حسرتی، مصطفی (1385)، مقدمه‌ای بر روش کیفی نظریه‌سازی داده بنیاد، فصلنامه زبان و زبان‌شناسی، سال دوم، شماره 3: 13.
دانایی‌فرد، حسن و امامی، سید مجتبی (1386)، استراتژی‌های پژوهش کیفی: تأملی بر نظریه‌پردازی داده بنیاد. اندیشه مدیریت راهبردی، سال اول، شماره دوم: 13.
زارع، ساسان ،(1395)، طراحی الگوی اثربخش بازاریابی سیاسی در انتخابات محلی، رساله دکتری
شریفی، سید مهدی و سعیدآبادی، محمدرضا و استیری، مهرداد و عسگری، حسین تبار (1398)، طراحی مدل سیستمی آموزش و توسعه سرمایه انسانی در صنایع خالق، فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)، سال یازدهم، شماره 1 ( شماره پیاپی 53): 89.
عربشاهی، احمد(1394)، تبیین مدل تعالی از دیدگاه امام خمینی(ره) (با استفاده از استراتژی نظریه‌پردازی داده بنیاد)، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی (پژوهشنامه انقلاب اسلامی) سال سوم، شماره دوم: 44-27.
کلاکی، حسن (1388)، نظریه‌ی بنیادی به‌مثابه روش نظریه‌پردازی، هفته‌نامه پژوهش فرهنگی، سال دهم، شماره ششم: 4-23.
محمدی، مهدی و حکاک، محمد و نظرپوری، امیر هوشنگ و موسوی، سیدنجم‌الدین (1397)، طراحی الگوی تربیت و آموزش مدیران نهادی جمهوری اسلامی ایران مبتنی بر مدل‌سازی ساختاری تفسیری و تحلیل MICMAC، فصل‌نامه پژوهش‌های مدیریت منابع انسانی دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)، سال دهم، شماره 2( شماره پیاپی 32): 75-102.
مقیمی، سید محمد، (1386). روش موردکاوی و کاربردهای آن در علوم انسانی، روش‌شناسی علوم انسانی حوزه و دانشگاه، سال 13، شماره 50: 5-15.
مقیمی، سید محمد، (1394)، مباحث ویژه مدیریت دولتی سازمان مطالعه و تدوین کتب علوم انسانی دانشگاه‌ها، مرکز تحقیق و توسعه علوم انسانی، انتشارات سمت.
کتاب شریف نهج البلاغه امیرالمومنین امام علی(ع).
لاتین
Aithal, S. ,(2016), How Effective is the Case Study Based Learning in Business Schools – A Critical Analysis. National Conference on Student Centric Curriculum Design & Development, Vol. 6.
Aram, E. & Noble, D. (1999), “Educating prospective managers in the complexity of organizational life”, Management Learning, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 321-42.
Bager-Elsborg, A. (2019). Discipline context shapes meaningful teaching: a case study of academic law. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 43(4), 508-520.
Barra, C. & Murkison, G (1997), The role and effectiveness of case studies: student performance in case study vs theory examination. Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 3-13.
Bennett, D., Roberts, L., Ananthram, S. & Broughton, M. (2018), What is required to develop career pathways for teaching academics? , Higher Education,Vol. 75, No. 2, pp. 271-286.
Bereiter, C. and Scardamalia, M. (1985), “Cognitive coping strategies and the problem of inert knowledge”, in Chapman, S.F., Segel, J.W. and Glaser, R. (Eds), Thinking and Learning Skills, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 11-25.
Bi, M. & Zhao, Z. , Yang, J. & Wang, Y. (2019). Comparison of case-based learning and traditional method in teaching postgraduate students of medical oncology. Medical Teacher, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 1-5.
Bonney, K.M (2015), Case Study Teaching Method Improves Student Performance and Perceptions of Learning Gains. J Microbiol Biol Educ, Vol. 16, No.1, pp.21–28.
Buffington, J.R. and Harper, J.S. (2002), “Teaching case studies: a collaborative approach”, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management, Barcelona.
Byrne, J.A. (2012), “How the world’s top business schools teach their MBAs”, November 18, available at: https://poetsandquants.com/2012/11/18/How-the-worlds-top-business-schools-teach-their-MBAs/# DISQUS_thread/ (accessed 15 january 2018).
Carrasco, G. A., Behling, K. C. & Lopez, O. J. (2018). Evaluation of the role of incentive structure on student participation and performance in active learning strategies: A comparison of case-based and team based learning. Medical teacher, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 379-386.     
Case Analysis Coach. Harvard Business School Publishing. Retrieved 2019, Sep. 2, from: https:// eproduct.hbsp.harvard.edu/ eproduct/ session/signin.
Case Method Teaching. Stanford University. Retrieved 2019, Sep. 2 , from: https:// teachingcommons.stanford.edu/ resources/ learning/learning-activities/case-method-teaching.
Case Study Method. center for innovation in reserch and teaching. Retrieved 2019, Sep. 10 , from: https:// cirt.gcu.edu/ research/ developmentresources/ research_ready/ descriptive/case_study.
Chan, W.P., Hsu, C.Y. and Hong, C.Y. (2008), “Innovative ‘case-based integrated teaching’ in an undergraduate medical curriculum: development and teachers’ and students’ responses”, Annals of the Academy of Medicine, December, Vol. 37 No. 11, pp. 952-6.
Christensen & Hansen, (2019), What is Investigative Case Based Learning. Starting Point-Teaching Entry Level Geoscience. Available at: https:// serc. carleton.edu/ introgeo/ icbl/ what.html.
Cinneid, B. and Murkison, G. , (1997), The role and effectiveness of case studies: student performance in case study vs theory examination, Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 3-13.
Cliff, W.H. and Wright, A.W. (1996), “Directed case study method for teaching human anatomy and physiology”, Advances in Physiology Education, Vol. 15 No. 1, pp. S19-S28.
Cochran,J.J.(2000),“IntroductorybusinessORcases:successfuluseofcaseinintroductorybusinesscollege operational research courses”, Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 51 No. 12, pp. 1378-85.
Corbin, J. & Anselm S. (1990), Grounded Theory Research: Procedures, Canons, and Evaluative Criteria, Qualitative Sociology, Vol. 13, No.1, 1990.
Daly, B. (2002), Methodology for using case studies in the business English language classroom. Internet TESL Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, p.20.
Donald, C (2000), case method (case study). , Available at: http :// www.nwlink.com/ donclark/ hrd/ history/ history. html.
Esteban, A.A. and Canado, M.L.P. (2004), “Making the case method work in teaching Business English: a case study”, English for Specific Purposes, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 37-61.
Eisenhardt, K. 1989. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 532–550.
Farashahi, M. & Tajeddin, M. (2018). Effectiveness of teaching methods in business education: A comparison study on the learning outcomes of lectures, case studies and simulations. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(1), 131-142.
Farrukh, N. & Mahgoub, S (2014), Student-centered Role-based Case Study Model to Improve Learning in Decision Support Systems. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 5-10.
Garvin, D.A. (2003), “Making the case: professional education for the world of practice”, Harvard Magazine, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 56-65.
Ginzburg, S. B., Deutsch, S., Bellissimo, J., Elkowitz, D. E., Stern, J. N. & Lucito, R. (2018). Integration of leadership training into a problem/case-based learning program for first-and second-year medical students. Advances in medical education and practice, Vol. 51 No. 9, pp. 25.
Glaser, B. (1992). Basics of grounded theory analysis: emergence vs. forcing, Sociology Press. Mill Valley, CA.
Habasisa, M. and Hlalele, D. (2014), “Using case study as a teaching and learning strategy in the teaching of economics”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 5 No. 23, pp. 999-1008.
Haig, B.D. , (1995), Grounded Theory as Scientific Method. Philosophy of education. Publisher: University of Illinois Press, Editors: A. Neiman
Harvard Business School Publishing, (2019), https://hbsp.harvard.edu/home/
He, W., Zhu, Y. & Wang, Y. (2018). Teaching Business Ethics with Case Study to MBA Students in China. In Academy of Management Proceedings, Academy of Management. Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 12-61.
Hull ]ack (2005), using case studies to link theoretical concepts with practical applications, Christopher Newport University: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 14-22.
Jack, H (2005), using case studies to link theoretical concepts with practical applications. Christopher Newport University: 27th annual national teaching public administration conference, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 7-8.
Jarumon, N. & Panita, W. , (2015), Development of Collaborative Learning Using Case-based Learning via Cloud Technology and Social Media for Enhancing Problem-solving Skills and ICT Literacy within Undergraduate Students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 174, No. 4, pp.2096–2101.
Jenney, M.O. (1936), “Case studies in the undergraduate course”, The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 36 No. 12, pp. 1237-9.
Jones, M.L., Kriflik, G.K. & Zanko, M, (2005), No TitleGrounded theory: a theoretical and practical application in the Australian film industry. University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Commerce - Papers (Archive), Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.422.
Kaddoura, M.A. (2011), “Critical thinking skills of nursing students in lecture-based teaching and case-based learning”, International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 3-7.
kvale, S, (1996), Interviews: an introduction to qualitative research interviewing, Sage Publications. Vol. 14, No. 1, pp.26–29.
Lee, K. (2007), “Online collaborative case study learning”, Journal of College Reading and Learning, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 82-100.
Lees Marshment , Jennifer (2001); Political marketing and British political parties, Manchester University Press.
Luo, H., Koszalka, T. A., Arnone, M. P. & Choi, I. (2018). Applying case-based method in designing self-directed online instruction: a formative research study. Educational Technology Research and Development, Vol. 66 No. 2, pp. 515-544.
Mahgoub, S. & Nadeem, F. , (2012), Interactive Case Based Learning in Teaching Decision Support Systems and Business Intelligence. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Interacción Persona-Ordenador. Vol. 18, No. 2, pp.12.
Manas Ranjan Tripathy, (2009), Case Methodology in Teaching & Research: A Critical Review. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 44, No. 3 pp. 660–671.
Merriam, S. B., (1998), Case study research and case study applications in education ,San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers
Mukherjee, J. (2018). Using New Case Studies for Evaluation of Marketing Student’s Academic Performance, the Journal of Business Perspective, Vol. 22, No. 1 pp. 61–67.
Newman, H. & Sidney, D. M. (2018). Teaching Management: A Practical Handbook with Special Reference to the Case Study Method. Routledge.
Norman, J. (2018). Differences in Learning Outcomes in Simulation: The observer role. Nurse education in practice, Vol. 28, No. 1 pp. 242-247.
Ritchie, J. & Lewis, J, (2003), Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. SAGE Publications Ltd. Vol. 22, No. 2, pp.32-38.
Reed, M. M. & Brunson, R. R. (2018). Exploration of the efficacy of the case method of teaching. The CASE Journal, Vol. 14, No. 3 pp. 362-371.
Patton, Eric & Steven Appelbaum, (2003), The case for case studies in management research, Management Research News, Vol. 26, No. 5. pp.5-12.
Pedagogy in Action,(2019), https://serc.carleton.edu/sp/index.html.
Pilz, M. & Zenner, L. (2018). Using case studies in business education to promote networked thinking: findings of an intervention study. Teaching in Higher Education, Vol. 23, No. 3 pp. 325-342.
Popil, I. (2011), Promotion of critical thinking by using case studies as teaching method, Nurse education today, Vol. 31, No. 2 pp. 204-207.
Prado, A. M., Arce, R., Lopez, L. E., García, J. & Pearson, A. A. (2019). Simulations Versus Case Studies: Effectively Teaching the Premises of Sustainable Development in the Classroom. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 22, No. 1 pp.1-25.
Roulston, K, (2010), Considering quality in qualitative interviewing. Qualitative Research, Vol. 10, No.2, pp.199-228.
Roselle Ann, (1996), the case study method' a Learning toll for practicing librarians and information specialists, library Review, Vol. 45, No. 4 pp.199-228.
TEACHING BY THE CASE METHOD Case Method in Practice. School Harvard Business. Retrieved (2019, Sep. 10) , from: https:// www.hbs.edu/teaching/case-method/Pages/default.aspx.
TEACHING RESOURCES. The University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences. Retrieved (2019, Sep. 15), from: https:// cns.utexas.edu/teaching-portal/case-study-teaching#learn-more.
Teaching with the Case Method. Pedagogy in Action: the SERC portal for Education. Retrieved (2019, Oct. 15), from: https://serc.carleton.edu/sp/library /cases/index.html.
Tellis, W. M. (1997). Application of a Case Study Methodology . he Qualitative Report, 3(3), 1-19. Retrieved from . htp://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss3/1
Tripathy, M.R. (2009), “Case method in teaching and research: a critical review”, Indian Journal of IndustrialRelations, Vol. 44 No. 4, pp. 660-71.
Shasha, L., AXuchun, Y. & Wenting, C., (2019), Practice and effectiveness of “nursing case-based learning” course on nursing student’s critical thinking ability: A comparative study. Nurse Education in Practice, Vol. 36, No. 3 , pp.91–96.
Velenchik, A.D. (1995), “The case method as a strategy for teaching policy analysis to undergraduates”, Journal of Economic Education, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 29-38.
Volpe, G. (2015), “Case teaching in economics: history, practice and evidence”, Cogent Economics and Finance, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
What is Case-Based Learning? Centre for Teaching and Learning. Retrieved (2019, Oct. 2) , from: https:// www.queensu.ca/ ctl/teaching-support/instructional-strategies/case-based-learning.
Yao, C. W. & Collins, C. (2018). Perspectives from graduate students on effective teaching methods: a case study from a Vietnamese Transnational University. Journal of Further and Higher Education, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-16.
Yin, R.K. (2009), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage Publishing Company, , Vol. 44 No. 1, pp. 66-71
Yin, R. K. (1989) Case study research: design and methods, American Psychological Association, Vol. 20 No. 4, pp. 229-259.
Zdenek, P, (1999), riting of cas studies, Teaching and intractive methods: with cases, simulations and Games. Hans E. Klein, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp.487–491.